Why Newspapers.com for Genealogy Research

As mentioned by many genealogy bloggers, including DearMyrtle, the newspapers initially available on Newspapers.com appear to primarily come from the same source as the newspapers already available on Ancestry.com. A quick check of newspapers available for North Carolina, for example, brings up the same general list of newspapers on both sites: Statesville Record LandmarkThe (Lumberton) RobesonianThe Daily (Kannapolis) IndependentThe High Point EnterpriseThe Gastonia GazetteThe (Burlington) Daily Times-NewsRaleigh Weekly Standard There are some differences in available issues/years on both sites. Newspapers.com, for example, has  additional issues of The High Point Enterprise (portions of 1941 to 1942 and 1950 to 1952) that dont appear on Ancestry.com. Conversely, there are issues of some of these newspapers on Ancestry.com, that dont yet appear on Newspapers.com, such as extra issues of The Gastonia Gazette (1920, 1925 to 1928) and the Burlington News (April 1972 and November 1973). All minor differences, but differences nonetheless. Comparing the available newspapers for Pennsylvania also brings up many similarities. From the Pittsburgh area, for example, both subscriptions include only the North Hills News Record (none of the major Pittsburgh papers) with Newspapers.com  issues from January to August of 1972 and January to April of 1975. Ancestry.com offers those same issues from 1972 and 1975, plus an additional subset of issues (with gaps), 1964 to 2001. Many of the other Pennsylvania newspapers, including the Tyrone Daily Herald, Tyrone Star, Warren Times Mirror, The Charleroi Mail, and the Indiana Gazette, are also comparable between the two sites, although in some cases the two sites offer slightly different titles or different subsets of issues. Despite the many similar newspaper titles/runs, over 15 million of the 25 million pages available on Newspapers.com at launch are not part of the newspapers currently available to U.S. and World subscribers of Ancestry.com. This appears to be especially true as you head away from the East Coast. Examples include: The Emporia Gazette (Kansas): Newspapers.com has 191,273 pages from 1895-1977; not available on Ancestry.com. GenealogyBank (which counts content in terms of documents, or individual articles, rather than pages) has content from 1896-1921. NewspaperArchive.com has issues from 1895-1977 (similar to Ancestry.com).The Evening Independent (Massillon, Ohio): Ancestry has 11,432 pages from 1960-1961; Newspapers.com has 211,232 pages from 1930-1976. NewspaperArchive has newspapers from 1907-1976.Courier News (Blytheville, Arkansas): Ancestry has 57,601 pages from 1968-1977; Newspapers.com has 151,028 pages from 1930-1977. NewspaperArchive.com has content from 1928-2007. A sampling of newspapers currently on Newspapers.com that dont seem to be on Ancestry.com also includes the  Wisconsin State Journal (Madison, Wisconsin), Windfall Advisor (Indiana), Williamsburg Journal-Tribune (Iowa), West Frankfort Daily (Illinois), Weekly Free Press (Eau Claire, Wisconsin), Ventura County Advisor (Oxnard, California), and Ukiah Republican Press (California). The majority of these are available on either NewspaperArchive.com or GenealogyBank.com, however, although not always the exact same titles and years. User Interface and Navigation The pages load extremely fast. It is really easy to narrow a search to a particular subset of newspapers based on a combination of title, location, and date from the left-hand column. It is also easy to clip an article or story, which can then be saved publicly, or privately to your own account. The clippings each include the name of the paper, the page, and the date, pretty much everything you need for a citation except the column number, but for that just click on the clipping to be taken directly to the full page from which it was clipped. Clippings can also be shared via  email, Facebook, or Twitter, and when you share a clipping, others can see the image even if they dont subscribe to Newspapers.com. This allowed the sharing of small amounts of content is more liberal than the stated terms of use at other popular commercial newspaper sites. Future Plans The Newspapers.com content team is and will continue producing new newspaper content (some exclusive) digitized and indexed from microfilm. Now that the site is live, they also plan to engage in discussions with several newspaper publishers and microfilm owners to increase the number of newspaper titles in their production pipeline. To stay up-to-date with the latest content additions to Newspapers.com, you can visit the New and Updated page to see what newspaper collections have been recently uploaded, or added to. The list initially appears in random order (perhaps order of addition, although this isnt clear), but you can further sort by location and/or date with the search refinements in the left-hand column. Will the newspapers currently on Ancestry.com go away? Weve been assured that there are no current plans to remove newspaper content from Ancestry.com,  and Ancestry.com subscribers will be eligible for a 50% discount on a Newspapers.com subscription (regularly $79.95), in part to account for the fact that there is some content overlap. This 50% discount will be available via ads running on Ancestry.com (much like they currently offer with Fold3.com subscriptions), or you can receive the discount by  contacting the Newspapers.com support team via phone or their website. Bottom Line Much of the content currently available at launch on Newspapers.com can be accessed through one or more of the other online subscription-based newspaper sites, including Ancestry.com. So if youre looking for new, exclusive newspaper content, you may want to hold off.  Their plan, however, is for users to see a lot of content going online very quickly over the next 2 to 3 months, so keep checking back.

Science And War Science Or War Essay - 2162 Words

Science and war Science and war are two different terms but they are found to have been deeply related. The existence of war initiated before the invention of scientific discoveries which are nowadays used as the means of war. The mode of war has been made destructive due to the misuse of scientific discoveries. It is said that modern scientific discoveries have made everything more comfortable. Nowadays we can travel around the world in twenty-four hours. We can enjoy everything sitting at our homes. Due to the invention of scientific discoveries, our home has been made as the whole world. On the other hand, the means of scientific discoveries of scientific discoveries are willingly misused for the destruction of human civilization; no doubt, it’s the worst aspect of science and technology. The discoveries of science and technology cannot be said to be responsible for making the mode of war more destructive because of no scientific discoveries and destructive themselves if we use them proper ly. I choose this point on the grounds that being a man of an inquisitive type, I watch numerous documentaries to extinguish my thirst of voracious interest, either that be space, the theory of relativity or war. When I watched series Dark matters- twisted but true† where there are numerous documentaries of logical research and trial, and which gives a considerable measure of data and learning about the analysis and its history. In that series, I saw an episode of Agent orange, inShow MoreRelatedThe Science behind War1970 Words   |  8 PagesThe science behind War As we all know war has been amongst us since time ever began. It has been around when the first creatures were developed and learned how to survive. And as humans evolved over the centuries, we came to realize this theory we call â€Å"war† is actually a natural thing. And we then classified it as violence or as the survival of the fittest. And now in modern thinking and technology, we are now able to find how the human mind came up with an idea such as violence. How humans firstRead MoreScience Of The War On The World War II Essay2201 Words   |  9 Pages15, 2016 Science In Between the War From the sponsorship given the Casa de Contratacià ³n by Queen Isabella to the government funding of many ongoing scientific experiments, science has always been heavily linked with politics. Political power often collaborates with technological development in such a manner that societal ideals reflected in the political regime correlates with the objectives behind scientific development. As a result, conflict of political powers as manifested in war leads to anRead MoreScience Fiction, And, Star Wars And The Time Machine1487 Words   |  6 PagesScience fiction, a genre which has elapsed over decades in the industry, has gained many followers in its several forms of media. Science fiction, in the same sense, has also been analyzed for its value and has received many â€Å"Authorities† in the sense that these individuals allow for a more comprehensive look at this type of genre. Different types of subgenres have emerged due to the enhancement of â€Å"New Trains of Thought † produced by these â€Å"Authorities† and have taken this genre into a new perspectiveRead MoreStar Wars : A Science Fiction Genre Trilogy2692 Words   |  11 PagesResearch Savon Benally Star Wars Star Wars is a Science Fiction genre trilogy. The stories and ideas of the trilogy were all written by George Lucas. Star Wars was originally a three movie saga. A New Hope was the first movie of the Star Wars trilogy released in 1977. Then a second movie was made sequencing A New Hope, The Empire Strikes Back (1980). Three years later a third movie was made, The Return of The Jedi (1983). With Star Wars originally being a 3 movie saga; a prequel was made with havingRead MoreTechnology And Science More Than World War II876 Words   |  4 PagesNo other war in history has had such a profound impact on technology and science more than World War II did. There were numerous new scientific principles and inventions that emerged during the war. This includes thing such as the automatic aircraft (which is known today as a cruise missile) and also the ballistic missile (flew into space before falling down on its target). These missiles were later developed and helped launch the first Ameri can astronauts to space. Other technological advancementsRead MoreMen in Black and Star Wars the Phantom Menace as Science Fiction923 Words   |  4 PagesMen in Black and Star Wars the Phantom Menace as Science Fiction Both of these films contain ideas of war and peace, whether it is the threat of invasion or the protection of land and values; also there is an element of power that is exerted between two sides disrupting the peace and the balance of the universe. Secrecy is added to indicate that not everything should be available for all to see. Conformity is a key themeRead MoreEssay on Science Versus Religion in H.G. Wells War of the Worlds1813 Words   |  8 Pagesare Industrialization, Imperialism and science vs. Religion. Industrialization means using off weapons or machines. This is shown in the Novel by H.G. Wells that the Martians are killing the human race by using off their machines and weapons. Imperialism means that creating an empire like United Kingdom just is. This is shown in the Novel by H.G. Wells that the Martians are trying to create their own empire by starting off with the great city London. Science vs. Religion had a really argument againstRead MoreThe science of Star Wars is book written by Jeanne Cavelos, it tries to link the content of the1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe science of Star Wars is book written by Jeanne Cavelos, it tries to link the content of the Star Wars trilogies with modern science. It offers the readers the plausibility of the phenomena that occurs in the world of Star Wars. The book is divi ded into five chapters excluding the introduction. She proceeds from environments to aliens and androids to spaceships and weapons to end with a chapter on â€Å"The Force†. The first Chapter is called Planetary Environments. It has four essays and seven sectionRead MoreStar Wars is a science fiction universe, created by the minds of George Lucas and Steven Spielberg,1000 Words   |  4 PagesStar Wars is a science fiction universe, created by the minds of George Lucas and Steven Spielberg, which has been taking the world by loved since the 70’s. With its only main competitor being Star Trek, Star Wars has becoming ever more popular ever since its first red carpet premiere in 1977. There are six known movies, 2 different cartoon television series, countless merchandise sold, and much more. Recently Disney spent $4 billion for the ownership rights of the franchise. Was this a good ideaRead More The Technological Revolution901 Words   |  4 PagesDue to continuous innovations, the American view of science and technology is constantly fluctuating. The ever-evolving image of science and technology in the United States is usually due to how the mo st recent developments in science and technology contribute, whether in a perceived positive of negative light. In times such as war, where technology essentially determines the outcome, the public’s perception of technology becomes essential, as well as the implementation of said technology. Many

Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen Free Essays

Briel BrownFeindert ENGWR 48027 September 2016 Critique of â€Å"50 Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen†In the forum post titled â€Å"50 Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen,† the author, only identified as Ted, puts forth a list of reasons that individuals who are already convinced that the Holocaust is a myth can use to persuade others. It is found on a forum called The CODOH Revisionist Forum, a website that lends itself specifically as a safe space for Holocaust revisionists. The post begins with a few sentences of introduction, briefly mentioning why it can be hard for many to give his point of view a chance. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen or any similar topic only for you Order Now He goes on to criticize the media, comparing them to the church during the dark ages in the way that they can withhold information, with random and slightly irrelevant statements sprinkled throughout. He concludes the preface with the statement â€Å"No proof has even been given that 6 million were murdered,† and proceeds to go more in depth. The rest of the article is arranged in a numbered list format. The reasons are listed unsystematically, each one being followed by explanations of varying length. Many of his reasons focus on criticizing the media for refusing to allow Holocaust revisionists to have a voice. Others try to prove the Holocaust either scientifically or fiscally impossible. He makes many statements that attempt to paint witnesses and historians as liars, and goes as far as to accuse many of having an agenda that would benefit from the falsification of an atrocity such as the Holocaust. The article is void of a concluding paragraph, instead ending on a proof numbered 50, consisting of three unrelated and vague statements that offer nothing but confusion. Brown 2The posting as a whole is a vague and disorganized mess. Failure to proofread is obvious; there is no clear form of organization, it is riddled with spelling and grammatical errors, and irrelevant ramblings are left in the middle of what could have been a strong statement. The author manages to include a few decent rhetorical questions that can cause a feeling of doubt to arise in the reader, but the evidence included is rarely tacked on to these. When evidence is used it is often either false, from an unknown source lacking in credibility, or merely quoted and left unexplained. The author’s argument is presented in an unorganized and visually cluttered manner. Contradictory to the title reason five is skipped, reducing the list to only forty-nine author specified reasons. The evidence is often listed in a fashion that betrays the numbering, with a shift in focus occurring multiple times within one section. For example, instead of expanding on the statement, â€Å"Reinhold Elstner burnt himself alive in protest against the holocaust lies,† that begins the concluding reason, we see an illogical shift in discussion topic to â€Å"German farmers are told to shut up if they find bones and try to arrange their burial† (Reason 50). Many pieces of evidence appear on screen as if the formatting was ruined in a copy-paste mishap with unnecessary jumps to new lines appearing prior to the end of the quote. While not terrible, it can be slightly confusing for the reader when it appears that a new paragraph has been started, only to see that the quote continues on. This author makes similar mistakes when it comes to expanding upon his case, again including unnecessary jumps in spacing when simply starting a new sentence would be sufficient. Vague statements, â€Å"Germans highly civilised and more so than the Brits and Yanks etc.,† (Reason 40) fragments, â€Å"Obliteration propaganda.,† (Reason 32) and run on sentences and comma splices â€Å"People can’t understand how so many eyewitnesses can lie, they have seen the television programmes,† (Reason 2) litter the posting. In addition, the Brown 3author occasionally goes on racist tirades that add little to his argument and can deter readers who may come looking for an unbiased argument. For example, â€Å"Are Jewish lives worth more or something? And if we are westerners why should we give a damn? Are we too gentle to survive in a harsh world?† (Reason 20). The above coupled with the frequent spelling errors further add to the confusion that could be experienced by the reader, making it look more like a set of notes meant to be understood only by the author than an article intended for consumption. It even contains conventional errors in the title, with the failure to capitalize any word in it and the lack of an apostrophe for the word â€Å"didn’t.† While the posting is filled with links and quotations, often they are either unreliable, false, or left without explanation. While it is rather easy for a reader to look up a name that is mentioned, attempting to establish credibility for sources within the piece could add weight to what one pulls from a source. Writings from individuals such as David Irving, a revisionist author, are linked without even formally identifying him in. Some quotes are even from individuals identified in ways as vaguely as â€Å"one guy on the BBC,† (Reason 6) and â€Å"From a letter from the British ministry of information,† (Reason 10). In the author’s attempt to criticize the media, he claims that they have made repeated efforts to silence those critical of the Holocaust; however, not one specific example is listed. In his attempts to criticize accounts given at the Nuremberg trials, he claims that â€Å"It takes about 5 minutes of reading the Nuremberg documents to realise that the Holocaust is a hoax,† (Reason 8) but again, gives not one clear example. He continues to claim â€Å"Violation of Occam’s razor, again and again,† (Reason 12) an extremely vague statement that is expanded upon only by asking the reader to examine the counterargument of a book. The author could have very easily added weight to his argument by citing at least one example, but he neglected to do so.Brown 4Due to the lack of concrete evidence used in the author’s attempts at making logical appeals, the strength of this posting is rooted in the author’s ability to manipulate the reader’s emotions. In quoting a 1958 text from Tel Aviv, â€Å"If some know-it-all tries to expose you, the others will not listen to him and will condemn him, because by exposing you he is proving them guilty of stupidity, and the crowd will not forgive this,† (Reason 2) the author provides a statement that can make the readers feel somewhat guilty for their refusal to question what they have been taught. Decent use of figurative language is employed to describe the media with the metaphor â€Å"The carrot and stick are there to make people obey† (Reason 26), which again can pull on people’s fear that they have overlooked something. His plays on fear and guilt do begin to get somewhat excessive at times, as his deliberate use of language becomes offensive. In using phrases such as â€Å"politically retarded,† (Reason 16) â€Å"The parallels with religious arguments should make intelligent people suspicious,† (Reason 34) and â€Å"Only an idiot would believe in stories such as lampshades of human skin,† (Reason 40) to describe those who disagree with him, the author may invoke an insecurity in some readers that can cause them to give his viewpoint a second chance. Just as easily, however, it can cause readers to disregard the writings due to the offense that they may take. The author’s attempt to create a list of reasons that would help a fellow revisionist argue their case mostly for naught. While like-minded individuals can pull some rhetorical questions to get others thinking, there is little offered in way of credible argument material. It is organized in an unpleasant and confusing fashion that makes the posting almost unreadable. The grammatical errors and failure to proofread suggest an apathy, or perhaps an intellectual incompetence, from the author that does not help his case. Individuals who are willing to look can surely find something to aid them in whatever they sought the posting for, but for a casual reader not Brown 5desperate for argument material, the posting is comically inarticulate and slightly frightening when the sincerity behind the writing is considered. Words: 1375Brown 6Work CitedTed. â€Å"50 Reasons Why the Holocaust Didnt Happen.† The CODOH Revisionist Forum, 25 Aug. _____2004, https://forum.codoh.com/viewtopic.php?t How to cite Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen, Papers

Douglas and barlow Essay Example For Students

Douglas and barlow Essay Language and education are key factors in determining how hard it will be for a person to become successful in this country. Barlow explains this better because he isn’t as focused on telling his own story. Barlow definitely explains his point better than Douglas. Douglas tells more of a short story concerning a personal experience, while Barlow discusses the topic and several options. Barlow starts his column off by illustrating a book he read his first year of teaching. The story is about Hyman Kaplan, a German Jewish immigrant in his forties who is enrolled in a class titled â€Å"American Night Preparatory School for Adults†. The story illustrates how he is learning the English language. He is reminded of this story by a story on television about two non-English speakers who were refused service at a bar somewhere in the state of Washington. He compares these two stories he brings up the controversial subject of, the problems with educating non-English speaking stud ents. He brings up different points concerning this subject, although every solution has its pros and cons. Douglas talks about his struggle in the early part of his life; learning to read and write was a great challenge in his environment. He talks about his personal experiences. This column is mainly a short story of his life as a slave. How he had to sneak around to read, or to teach himself how to write. Another key part of his column is where he talks about the emotionally crippling experience he went through learning how to further his thinking process. When he learned to read he discovered a part of him that he couldn’t deny or ignore. He learned about freedom and conceived the opinion that every human deserved freedom, no matter what race or color. These two authors are both illustrating problems that we have delt with or are currently dealing with in our society. Both concern rights of different ethnic groups. Both authors explain the pros and cons of the situation being addressed. It is interesting that both columns contain someone that is struggling to learn to read and write in English. Barlow’s column deals with English education of non-American immigrants and Douglass’s column deals with English education of an American. We are currently dealing with both of these problems in today’s society. We have several ways of teaching people of different ethnic groups the English language. The concepts regarding whether or not we should make all citizens of this country learn to read, write and speak the English language, and hoe we g about teaching it if we do differ in different pars of the country. That is one of the subjects brought up n Barlow’s column. Should we make a certain strategy obligatory? Douglas doesn’t discuss this problem directly, but this problem surfaces in his column.The subjects discussed in both columns share a common discourse community. They both are learning different aspects of the English language. Douglass is a great example for Barlow’s arguments. Douglass didn’t have any options in his learning style; he had to learn the only way he could. Times have definitely changed since Douglas’s story. Now, slavery is abolished and there are equal rights for all races and ethnic groups in our country. However his story still relates in the common racial problems. Douglas being treated un-humanely because of his race, and the Mexican patrons in Barlow’s column being treated unfairly in the bar. Barlow brings up several options, they all have there pros and cons in the aspect of which one is the best action, but they all will accomplish the task that Douglass accomplished: learning the English language. Racism is a big issue in both columns also. It is another discourse community both Douglass and the Mexican patrons belong to. Even though as stated above, slavery has been abolished there is still racial problems between blacks and whites. There are racial problems between most races. The Mexican patrons in Barlow’s column are refused service in the bar because of their race. Douglass is refused freedom in general because of his race. Barlow’s arguments on immigrant education are still a big issue in our society, and the racial issues in Douglass’s story are still evident in a lot of situations. It is ironic how Douglass’s dated arguments can be compared to Barlow’s current arguments. Back in the era of slavery it would not have made sense to compare these arguments, the main reason being that non-English speaking immigrants were so sparse that it wasn’t a problem. But in today’s society the two columns have a lot of common arguments. Fixing one problem migh t fix the other or it might not affect it at all. That is why Douglass’s racial issue is still a controversial issue to this day. Although we have made an unprecedented amount of laws and regulations to fix racial conflicts, the problem still exist, although it is better, it still exists. .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 , .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .postImageUrl , .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 , .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46:hover , .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46:visited , .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46:active { border:0!important; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46:active , .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46 .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u331cf68d35eb4c56c36fbb1df919ac46:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History Of The Department Of Homeland SecurityThe style in which Barlow represents his subject is definitely clearer and it gives you several options and examples. Douglas leaves you to form your own opinions and remedies. Barlow actually discusses the education problem, and hits on several key points. Barlow’s essay is a lot more educational on the problems discussed. And we should have a better way of dealing with this controversial subject of race and education. We need to remember that the United States of America stands for freedom. This country is made up of immigrants, and how we could forget that and start stripping African American’s, or Hispanics of their humane rights because they are from a different country and ethnic group is uncomprehendable. We do need to deal with this situation in an orderly manner, but we shouldn’t have to deal with this situation at all considering why this country was established and what it is supposed to represent. The education problem is understandable and also need to be delt with in an orderly manner. That is a very important standard in this country. Everyone should have the opportunity to get an education if they want one. Over all we have done a good job on providing equal opportunities for education in this country for the past two decades, and there is no doubt it will only improve. Bibliography:

How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essay Example

How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essay Certainly there Is a clear hierarchy of spying within the book, starting with the minor characters, such as the children In the close who also participate In paying. They spy on each other and adults and make clear assumptions on their actively. Indeed when a police man visits the close the children take It Into their own hands to speculate the reason for his visit that peeping Tom was hanging around again last night, the fact that its children spying makes it seem mischievous and less Similarly, the game of spying is usually associated as a game that young serious. Sys would play: Frayne shows that is not always the case. Barbara Berries is presented as a typical young girl pulling girlish faces and making girlish gestures. Frayne repeatedly showed her as giggling and described her leather bag as having a girlishly quality to it, but Barbara was also involved in the interfering act of spying l always know if youre hiding in here. Frayne adds a new dimension to the theme of spying sh owing that everyone is guilty of it. Its not just children in the novel who are involved in the act of spying the adults are also seen as types of spies. Keith and Stephen both believed Kiths parents were some sort of spies Keith states that his father was involved with the secret service ND they both believed Mrs. Hayward was a German spy. Although we know at the end of the novel that Kiths mother was not in fact a German spy and we do not truly know If Kiths father was actually involved in the secret service, this assumption of the two characters relates them to the theme and title of the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on How Appropriate Is the Title Spies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Appropriate Is the Title Spies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Appropriate Is the Title Spies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thought the novel Stephen talks highly of Kiths family but mentions little of his own. He finds his own family boring doing a Job, too dull to describe Stephen finds his family, too ordinary. The little we do know about his father Is that he was Like omen mild natured furry animal In the last chapter of the novel we discover that Stephens perceptions of his family were entirely wrong actually there were two German spies In the close. We uncover that Stephens father was from Germany and was working for the British military Intelligence. The title of the novel Is plural which Is appropriate as all characters participate In the aspect of spying In terms of context the title Is hugely relevant. The lives of the children are set In world war two. During those times children were surrounded by propaganda of the war and knew of he war effort. Children probably knew that their country was fighting an enemy but didnt truly know the whole facts of the situation similarly to when the children in the close knew there were neighbors living in the street that were different to the rest AT ten monologues. I en CNN learn Dealer ten strange residents were Juice we as readers know that they mean Jews. In the end of the novel we find out the true facts which were that they were actually Greeks. During the war the children were likely to know that something dangerous was going on and my have felt unsafe in their roundings this may have led to the reason why many of the children in the novel feel the need to spy. They may feel that that they can not trust any one not even their own parents as they could be the enemy. The term spy can be seen in two ways, an important person on a secret mission or a deceitful person who is disloyal. There are many examples of deceitfulness throughout the novel. Stephen appears to be Kiths best friend and sticks by him even though no one else likes him everyone except you really hates him but his loyalty seems to fade towards the end of the evolve. When the children in the close harass Keith on the appearance of the policeman, Stephen knows he should speak up and explain the situation but chooses not to, Vive ceased to be his friend; Vive become one of the mob. Stephen knows he is Kiths only friend and decides not to help him in his time of need. Mrs. Hayward is presented by Stephen as almost angelic grace and serenity but she is not what she seems. Her calmness and tranquility is false, behind her perfect exterior hides a life of violence and torture from her controlling husband. Although she is portrayed as Ewing very feminine and elegant, Stephen describes her as having grace and composure, Mrs. Hayward has an immense amount of self control. When she sees Mr. Hayward holding the basket she shows no reaction of panic Oh thank you she says calmly. Knowing what may lay a head of her, will be a terrifying ordeal from her husband Mrs. Hayward reacts very courageous, far from the simple, polished house wife Stephen portrayed her to be. Although Keith and Stephens allegations of Mrs. Hayward being a German spy were a bit far fetched, Stephen and Keith were right n the fact that she was up to something secretive. Mrs. Hayward was clandestinely visiting Uncle Peter in the barns behind her husbands back. She then stops the visits when Mr. Hayward finds out, she not only deceives her husband by these surreptitious visits, she also betrays Uncle Peter by turning her back on him and not visiting. The title can be seen in many ways. It can be seen as summing up the theme of the book which the title of spies succeeded in very well. Stating the main theme at the beginning of the book encourages the reader to focus on it. If the title of spies was named after another theme such as childhood the reader would focus more on the childhood elements of the book and may miss out essential bits. To conclude I believe spies is an appropriate title for this novel as it sums up the book in one simple word. It describes the characters and theme, and it adds mystery right from the very beginning. The word spies implies someone uncovering something secretive which grabs the readers attention before they have even read it! The story its self is a simple one so a short, simple title fits in well.

The relationship between diet and social behaviour and the incidence of colds.

The relationship between diet and social behaviour and the incidence of colds. It is safe to say that the majority of people understand that what they eat has some effect upon their health. Nearly anyone can observe that after eating too much junk food, they tend to have an upset stomach, or that after they eat a large meal, they feel tired. Many people in the United States believe that a bowl of chicken soup can help alleviate the common cold, and that "an apple a day will keep the doctor away." In China, herbs have long been used to treat various maladies. The drugs ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, found in many over-the-counter cold remedies, are derived from the "ma huang" plant which has been used in China to treat colds and flu for more than five thousand years (Mindell, 1992). Research has confirmed relationships between the foods humans ingest and affects upon their health. However, most of the research is very particular in nature, looking closely at the effects of specific vitamins, minerals, and other food components upon health.Poster encouraging citi zens to "Consult your Physi...Vitamin C in particular appears to have received much attention, especially as it pertains to the flu and the common cold. One study showed a slight reduction in symptoms due to the common cold in individuals who received a supplement of 80mg of vitamin C, but no reduction in susceptibility to the common cold (Baird, Hughes, Wilson, Davies, Howard, 1979). However another study provided evidence that for individuals under acute physical stress, daily supplements of 0.6 to 1.0 g of vitamin C considerably reduced the incidence of the common cold (Hemila, 1996).There appears to be very little research with regards to general diet and health, and that which relates to diet and occurrence of the flu and/or the common cold seems to be nonexistent, or at best difficult to find.

Fight or flight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fight or flight - Essay Example In the case of Coleen Colombo and colleagues resisting mortgage fraud, it is a fight response. Colombo and his colleagues have perceived a threat in the form of mortgage fraud. The appropriate mode through which they have chosen to deal with this threat is through defending their interest. Resisting mortgage fraud is a fighting mechanism employed by Colombo and his colleague with the intention of going face to face with the exposed stress. The fight response has been enhanced by the fact that Colombo and his colleagues are aware of ways through mortgage fraud can be managed (Arnetz & Ekman, 2006). It was appropriate for Colombo and his colleagues to choose a fight response over a flight response. Mortgage fraud is an act that goes against normal, ethical practices. If Colombo and his Colleagues would have chosen the flight response, which would have meant that they are afraid of standing up for their rights. The decision to resist fraud has come as a result of Colombo and his colleagues ready to take the required measures in combating fraud. The measures, that they can use in this case as a fight response is demanding a refund from the mortgage company or reporting the matter to the police who will follow up with arrests (Kottler & Chen,

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 78

History - Essay Example This year is considered unique because people started to rebel over very little issues. All the people had the same capacity to desire to rebel and it was something that had not been planned or organized. The issue rebel wasantipathy for authoritarianism and a sense of estranged from the established order. According Kurlansky this is the year television was shaping most of the events apart from reporting of events all around then whole world. This is the time public demonstrationswere being presented†¦ for television. It is very few people were that were needed to fill the frame of a TV camera .It happens that Martin Luther king together with his media understanding brothers had got the message first and demonstrations had become a common events on American campus by 1968.Mingle the worry of the cold war. Horror against the men that were old in power and the crippled society that sustained them, fundamental distaste to the Vietnamese conflict, and someone had a cocktail of reque sts ready mixed .People met through the television viewing picture of each other on the screen. There was no established relationship between each other but there was a relationshipwith what their imagination gave from viewing pictures of each other. The action of cameras and lights made young people to have moods; some people ended up to pave stones lunged at an established order too foolish to convert the other side. Bobby Kennedy already saw his followers sliding when he died. This made everyone to believe that Bobby Kennedy could not have won. On 4th April 1968 after Martin Luther King was killed howlers started in the areas of black inhabitants all across the America. Unlike in inidianapolls where there was a lot of peace, may be in some parts because another national leader who was respected by the blacks was in the city the day of riots. On 4th April 1968 Bobby Kennedy decided to speak and he called a meeting and informed the people that he had bad

Oceania Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oceania - Essay Example They have ancient history that dates back to 3000 BC; Austronesian languages began in Taiwan at about 3000 BC (Su et al., 2000). This fact shows the original influences of Taiwanese culture on the people of Oceania. These amalgamation of cultures also had Philippines and Indonesian influences. Travelers from these regions brought their languages and cultures to Oceania. Whenever a dominant culture overpowers the other it tries to impose its customs, language and general lifestyle. It is a seal that marks the conqueror’s stamp on the captured nation. Dominant cultures from around the world left their influences on Oceania. The first was the Taiwanese culture and language. Later, different colonist tried to impose their religion, language and lifestyle. Today Oceania is transformed from a natural landscape to a cultural landscape. Reading about such influences reveals how the outside cultures influenced these lands and the people. According to research in the future there will be minuscule urbanization rates in Oceania; about 0.1 or 0.2 percent (United Nations Publications, 2004). In fact, between 1965 and 1980 the trend of population in Oceania has been of counter-urbanization (United Nations Publications, 2004). This trend also influenced the politics; the power had to be pulled outside the centers. People want to solve their problems at the grass root levels. From a democratic perspective, it is one of the best things that happened for the better political future of Oceania. The lesser concentration of power in major cities the better for the nation. When people hold on to their cultural and religious values dearly, the political class has to adjust its policies around those values. Decreased urbanization in Oceania can indicate certain factors. Amon many factors is the fact that the people are shaping their political future. They do not want

What Is Social Policy?

What Is Social Policy? Essay Topic: What is social policy and why is it controversial? Write an essay in which you explore the topic of social policy giving consideration to differing theoretical debates, positions and arguments for and against the provision of social policy as well as the nature of wellbeing in society. Use New Zealand examples to support your discussion. Marks will be allocated based on: The breadth of your reading and the sources you use to develop your argument. Your ability to develop a strong and effective argument, with a good introduction and conclusion. Your use of references, taking into account accuracy, suitability and conformity to the Style Guide for this paper. The level of originality which you bring to the topic. The extent that you cover the topic fairly and comprehensively. Introduction Wellbeing is a relatively new concept it references draw from a satisfactory in good health and happiness through having material or attitude compare to others in society. Social policy has long been a material well being as to response to a basic needs create a safe environment, providing food and shelter. In the mid of rising populations and rapid social change and uncertainty, Social policy regards to well being becoming more important to response to more complex needs as by far is hard to measure of it quality wellbeing is increasingly important and to regulate under different political ideologies.Various environment socio economic, there is much to look for. Social policy accompanied welfare state is the remnant of an old policy from the post war era, today political parties in search policy that fit in others economic ideology spectrum, pay attention to social reform agenda, to achieve this requires great flexibility, compromise or consent of voters and opposition party. Social policy is an urgent agenda for New Zealand that have grown into multicultural society although still trapped in a disorder of a bi-culturally tough going effort to achieve in the last 200 years. This essay is an attempt to explore different theoretical debates and position for and against social policy that incorporated in New Zealand political context. Controversial policy Exiting gap between men and women, employed and unemployed, rich and poor there is large number of left out people in working life, minor, gender and others who get pay unequal to that of other workers. The disable, mentally ill and the elderly receive minimum live able income and being support by government funded organization employees to visit in their home in community, for this reason government is to look closing this gap of equality in society. The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies responses to social need (Pawar, 2014, p. 131) the definition confined within the idea of responding to need, it recognize the inaccessible and inequality as necessitate by default. Social policy in a wider term is an action that affects the well-being of members of a society mainly regarding distribution and access to goods and resources(Cheyne, Belgrave, OBrien, 2009). The initiative emphasis on the need that arises concerned the society where intervention and mechanism is put in place to response to it. This humanitarian response is mainly base on socialism that exit in most welfare states regarding how the government should help it citizen enhance the capability to achieve as oppose to capitalism scheme (Giddens, 2013) Influences by socialism from the left wings, Labour party for example a Social democratic old party in early 1900s initiate change to the fundamental social policy in New Zealand. After 1935 labour party won the election and form the government, result in Social reform in social security, national health services and low rent housing programs(Smelt Lin, 2008). Labour influence policy has not flourish without tension for example in 1970’s Crisis of the welfare state where theoretical debate was become critical on government legitimacy on state intervention was put to the ordeal (Cheyne, Belgrave, OBrien, 2009) key inherently to this was about the ability of state unable to develop the framework response to the market economic and political ideological context. Liberal based political ideology the prominent right in New Zealand politic perceived social policies as counterproductive it interrupting the nature of market economic and political ideology. Liberal idea emphasis on equality of the individually takes priority over society and the right to make choices for themselves. Liberalism and Neo liberal opening stages of the free-market economy has influence scientific revolution that fundamentally altered New Zealand society today however a Classical Liberal opinion awkwardly associated with state intervention as â€Å"necessary evil†(Heywood, 2002, p. 45) Political axes can no longer be over amplified from the fact that there are flavor variations within political party show pluralistic of political idea. Recently there are strong conservative patriotic support to the â€Å"new right† movement of social conservative i.e United future combine strength of voters to support state intervention(Mulgan Aimer, 2004) both came from right and left of the political spectrum. Regardless of it controversial, from an observation social democracy in a small mono ethnic country in Europe seemed to be successful with a state welfare management but could be different in a multicultural environments (Giddens, 2013) Theoretical debates/ position for social policy Socialism believes based on the principles of collectivity, equal opportunity, distribution of wealth and public responsibility for those who are able to help themselves these emphasis on the applied policy involving a welfare state within the framework of a capitalist economy (Sejersted Adams). Originated in 19th century Germany from the influence of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Aspalter, 2001) grew out of necessity to combat the universal suffrage, the poor and middle class play a great role in supporting social democratic process. Liberal on the other hands with a vague idea of allocation of resources to the disadvantage base on justice and inequality in realizing that the individual freedom need some form of guarantee (Cheyne, Belgrave, OBrien, 2009) and safeguard individual for social evil(Heywood, 2002).Liberal showed need for states to sustained and decided what matter for individual(Lister). This argument has been cultivated by Socialist resulting in assimilations and made an alliance. Social democratic party in a post war New Zealand it has morphed into hybrid, the mix between Socialism and Liberal ideology. Socialism has been favor in democratic process and it has made it way to the capitalism dominated political arena (Cheyne, Belgrave, OBrien, 2009) pressing it influences in to capitalism market economic. Policy model largely based on the principle of eligibility, government granting access to benefits and services based on citizenship, socialist regime in practice include the welfare system(Giddens, 2013) in order to achieve equality a legitimate, ideally the elected government will engages in retribution of resources depending on the given policy and process. State management involved transferring of funds to the services providers. Labour party manifesto, for example in 1960’s emphasis on taxation must be use to achieve major wealth and income for disadvantages routing distributions to education, social security and healthcare(Lavalette Pratt, 2007). Labour adopted social liberal promotes woman right, honoring treaty of Waitangi, opposing nuclear weapons and a sport apartheid in South Africa (Mulgan Aimer, 2004). New Zealand has been a bi-cultural country follows the treaty of Waitangi.(SooHoo Nevin) treaty regulates the co-exit between westerners, newcomers and the Maori indigenous population this has causes more grieve than pleased chiefly to the indigenous populations. Subjected to a colonization process that strip Maori of their land for resources, the country then route immaturely into a global market capitalism (Cheyne, Belgrave, OBrien, 2009) resulting from lost of land, cultural and identity, Maori community relied on political party’s policy draw heavily on the socialism collective practice regarding to the right of indigenous people as a citizen and as people of the land, issues highlight the problems of social exclusion (Humpage, 2006). There is yet to find solutions around the issues of Tino rangatiratanga, the right, ownership accountability, management of tribal resources recognition of duty and ability to participate the concern of tribal issues this become part of the Labour policy in 1957 and recently Maori custody right to the foreshore and seabed the space for mussel farming.(Orange, 2011) Debate argument against social policy Post cold war society Liberal have gain it popularity it satisfy the Demand for individual autonomy and accommodates the rise of global market (Giddens, 2013) Liberal admire democratic process gaining power through freedom to vote. Fredrick Hayek writing of Neo-Liberal ideas from the classic political economic believes in the power of unregulated market liberalism will deliver efficiency and prosperity (Heywood, 2002) Liberal ideas allow people to developing different ways of thinking takes action for changes to happen, practices contributes to the progression, ideology hold the individual responsibility to create their own destiny for a person fortune this oblige people to become self reliance (Pawar, 2014) for this reason Liberalism and capitalism are fit together favor free market and limited government control , they despise the welfare state as the source of all evil (Giddens, 2013) government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom(Lavalette Pratt, 2007) The Liberal model remained market dominance and private provision, the state only recognized poverty and provide minimum support to the basic needs but still limited to it terms of agenda hence the poor need to keep up the speed or be the economic victim of the rich. There are numbers of New Zealand political party that base one Liberal ideology for example†¦. Conservative†¦ National maintain it conservative regarless of liberal favor among young people.(Mulgan Aimer, 2004) Argument; welfare state lost it quality representing the collective interest.(Sejersted Adams) nz example explain references 3 National party always oppose to socialism (Cheyne, Belgrave, OBrien, 2009) National the second oldest political party emerges from an old Liberal and Reform party to counter the balance(Miller, 2005) Labour and National currently exist as the two main rival parties. National party favored the the idea of liberal and conservatives. Having been form against Labour national have strong policy again collectivism unionist and welfare(Miller, 2005)†¦. In early 1990’s National actively promote the one country one law, new minister elected uphore the inherent Labour policy seeing favor Maori is socially devisive(Hill). Nature of well being in society The discourse of wellbeing is underpinned by an individual satisfaction and, as such, is inherently quality of life. in concept to be well is to be not â€Å"unwell† for this reasonâ€Å"well† comes to be defined by the absence of crisis episodes. In this sense identifying the sufferers, and natural human reactions can lead to a better picture of it. Enable people to experience freedom and realize their potential Material well being psychological well being development and long term†¦productivity in life cycle as social investment†¦. conclusion number of key events including the elections of†¦.help turn the tide national showed level of ideology flexibility and pracmatic†¦.. = National and Labour represent an opposing view for the same agenda to the ultimate goal of policy for the well being of all. social policy reported one sided account mark the growing self confident; well being can not be express in monetary unit†¦ , the promotion of health and treatment of the sick, the care and support of those unable to live a fully independent life; and the education and training of individuals to a level that enables them fully to participate in their society. Social policy out there†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦different theoretical social policy according to 2 rival ideas in the western world B.social democratic state duty to guarantee to establish well being. References Aspalter, C. (2001). Importance of Christian and Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria, and Sweden: Nova Science Publishers. Cheyne, C., Belgrave, M., OBrien, M. (2009). Social Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand: Oxford University Press. Giddens, A. (2013). The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy: Wiley. Heywood, A. (2002). Political Ideologies: politics (2 ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Hill, R. Maori and the State: Crownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Maori Relations in New Zealand/Aotearoa, 1950 2000: Victoria University Press. Humpage, L. (2006). An Inclusive Society: A leap forward for Maori in New Zealand: Auckland University Press. Lavalette, M., Pratt, A. (2007). Social Policy: Theories, Concepts and Issues: SAGE Publications. Lister, R. Understanding theories and concepts in social policy: Policy Press. Miller, R. (2005). Party Politics in New Zealand: Oxford University Press. Mulgan, R. G., Aimer, P. (2004). Politics in New Zealand: Auckland University Press. Orange, C. (2011). The Treaty of Waitangi: Bridget Williams Books. Pawar, M. (2014). Social and Community Development Practice: SAGE Publications. Sejersted, F., Adams, M. B. The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century: Princeton University Press. Smelt, R., Lin, Y. J. (2008). New Zealand: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. SooHoo, S., Nevin, A. Culturally Responsive Methodologies: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Human Resource Management Strategies: Tesco Case Study Human Resource Management Strategies: Tesco Case Study As Tesco has grown, so has the importance of Every Little Helps. Over time, theyve gone from simply selling groceries to providing anything from loans to mobile phones. By setting out in all these new directions they ran the risk of losing our way. So, they have relied on Every Little Helps more and more over the years, to act as a common philosophy to bind us all together. Mission statement: Tescos mission statement is Creating value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. The Organisation  Structure and culture: Structure: The structure of Tesco is simple one apart from the fact that it has huge labour force under its belt. The company have found more efficient ways of completing a task or business activity. Tesco has advancement in technology to minimize human error e.g. stock ordering, delivery schedules, etc. The company is giving general staff more responsibility when helping or serving a customer. The managers within each store have now been given a much broader span of control with their workforce. This means that each manager will have more employees to communicate with, but each employee has been trained to a set standard, which allows the manager to trust them to get on with the job with little guidance from him or her. All of the key decisions are made by the board of directors based in Chesnutt, which makes the company centralized in its diction making. Culture is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, attitudes, and behaviour shared by a group of people. Culture is the behaviour that results when a group arrives at a set of generally unspoken and unwritten rules for working together (humanresource.about.com). Organizational culture is the workplace environment formulated from the interaction of the employees in the workplace (portal.brint.com). It can be analysed through the observations of the companys behaves, including routines, rituals, stories, structures and systems. Tesco has a very friendly and supporting approach in the routine ways that staff at Tesco behaves towards each other, and towards those outside the company. The control systems and measurements are constantly under the management review to monitor the efficiency of the staff and managers decisions. The rituals of the companys life are the special events, corporate gatherings, which Tesco emphasizes are very important. Leadership styles: Previously, Tesco was following John Adairs Action Centred Leadership (ACL) model of leadership. The ACL model is represented by three interlocking circles encompassing the following: Achieving the task Building and maintaining the team Developing the individual (Thomas 2005). Action-Centred Leadership tends to focus on the hierarchical structure of the organization. It is applicable in organizations that are highly authoritarian. But later, with the appointment of Terry Leahy as the Chief Executive Officer, Tesco led into a series of organizational changes. Leahy is considered as a visionary leader who aimed for the company to become more customer-focused and to develop its workforce. According to him, there are four things that a leader must provide to his workers and followers to satisfy and motivate them. These are: A job that is interesting to do A chance to get on in life To be treated with respect A boss who is some help and not their biggest problem Leahy adapted a participative style of leadership wherein the employees are given voice in the decision-making process. The organizational structure became more flat where the roles and responsibilities of everyone are clearly stated. Leahy delegates leadership roles to individuals in the organization in order to ensure that the company, with more than 300,000 employees, operates effectively. The leadership style that is manifested by Terry Leahy and is imitated by the leaders in the company has changed the structure of the company. The company has adapted an organic, a simpler and flatter organizational structure. Corporate Social responsibility: CSR is defined as the commitment of business to contribute to sustainable economic development, working with employees, their families, the local community and society at large to improve their quality of life. Approach to CSR in Tesco: Environment: Tesco promote environmental issues through training package in order to create enough awareness on the issue of environment and to allow the company to maximize its operational effectiveness initiatives e.g. recyclable bags Community: In several attempt to give back to the society Tesco create special support for children, community based projects and education programmes in order to create a peaceful environment to operate e.g. Tesco Charity Trust. Suppliers ethical trading: In order to maintain high ethical standard in business practices, Tesco is encouraging long term trade relationship with supplier with a centralized distribution system with transparency and accountability to promote good quality of rang products and services at competitive pricing. Customers choice and health: It promotes the health of the customers through the management of customers choices. This can be confirmed by the statement that Tesco will continue to appeal to a broad range of customers and that the company will offer something for everyone through an extensive product range, offering price and product choice, in food and non-food products. People/workers: Employees are given opportunities of carrier development through Training and development programme with effective communication to facilitate staff feedback. Rewards and benefits are used to motivate workers, based on performances on the job, pension scheme, save as you earn and family friendly working through flexible hours of work to accommodate mother education. Ethical Practices: All employees contribute to TESCOs reputation; therefore, it is important that all employees adhere to ethical guidelines. Always follow these principles: Compliance with Laws: TESCO business, whether domestic or international, must be conducted in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Honesty and Integrity: All employees must be honest and honourable in all dealings with other employees, the public, the business community, shareholders, customers, suppliers, competitors, and government authorities. Entertainment and Gifts: Any gift, entertainment, or benefit you provide to a business associate must be modest in scope and value. Never provide a gift, entertainment or benefit that contravenes any applicable law. Consultant Fees, Commissions and Other Payments: Never give or receive any payment that falls outside the normal conduct of business. If staff is found engaged in giving or accepting kickbacks, bribes, payoffs or other illegal or similar transactions, will be subject to immediate discipline, up to and including dismissal in accordance with TESCOs policy on employee discipline. Political Contributions: TESCO does not wish to discourage the participation of employees in political and related activities. Employees cannot do on behalf of Tescos either directly or indirectly, without the prior written approval of TESCOs Executive Management. Compliance with Accounting Controls and Procedures: Employees must always comply with the Companys accounting procedures and controls, and all applicable laws. They should properly record all financial data and transactions. Leadership styles: Tesco PLC is one of the leading retailers in the United Kingdom and one of the largest food retailers in the world. The management and leadership styles analysed below, are approaches which are likely to be implemented by Tesco. McGregors Theory X and Y: According to Douglas McGregor (1960) in developing theories X and Y, managers took two different views of their subordinates and conducted practices that would best suit their assumption of the workers. Theory X managers, think that people dislike work, which is a necessity for survival. They perceive workers to be lazy who avoid responsibility, who lack ambition and prefer to be directed, rather than use initiative to take roles of responsibility. These managers use directive approach to leadership and are very strict and controlling with their subordinates. Organisational goals already established and workers are pushed in a certain direction so that these goals can be fully achieved. Theory Y managers believe that if workers are in the right conditions, they will work hard their own will, helping the organization achieve the set out goals, and in return, being rewarded for this hard work and effort. In this scenario, managers will work together with subordinates, deciding work objectives and by developing strategies designed to achieve these goals. They will encourage team working and also delegate decision making when and where possible. In relation to Tesco, the management are likely to take a theory X approach in running their organisation. Due to the enormity of the number of subordinates a manager is likely to be in supervision of, it would be almost impossible to use the latter approach. Blake and Moutons Management Grid: The management grid identifies a range of management behaviours based on various ways that task-oriented and employee-orientated styles can interact with each other. In relation to Tesco, the management would identify themselves mostly to an Authoritarian management style (also known as produce or perish style), which has a high concern for production and efficiency and concentrates less on people. They take a task oriented approach which takes in hand the needs of the task rather than the wants of subordinates. This is again, similar again to the Theory X approach stated approach, and is effective to Tesco where there is a larger amount of lower-skilled employees. Herzberg Two Factor Theory: Fincham and Rhodes (2005) stated that Herzbergs two factor theory involved, firstly the motivators and secondly the hygiene factors. Hygiene factors involved supervision, salary, work environment, company policies and relationship with colleagues. The absences of these were seen as dissatisfying aspects of a job which can affect the morale of workers. Motivators stated by Herzberg include; responsibility, achievement, promotion and recognition. In relation to Tesco, subordinates of the managers such as shop floor employees are unlikely to achieve the motivators stated by Herzberg. This can be very negative for a firm like Tesco because a de-motivated workforce is obviously more unproductive then a motivated workforce. Taking this into thought, it is vital for managers to tackle motivational issues of the workforce and see that the hygiene factors of employees are met, making it an effective approach to adopt. Development of workforce: Workforce development links staff learning and development to other human resource and business activities. It includes strategic planning, workforce planning, performance management and career development. Strategic planning: Tesco has a systematic planning process involving a number of steps that identify the current status of the association, including its mission, vision for the future, operating values, needs (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), goals, prioritized actions and strategies, action plans, and monitoring plans. Workforce planning: Workforce planning is the process of analysing an organisation includes: Identifying current and future numbers of employees required to deliver new and improved services. Analysing the present workforce in relation to these needs. Comparing the present workforce and the desired future workforce to highlight shortages, surpluses and competency gaps. Analysing the diversity profile at all levels against that of the local population. Recruitment and selection process. Risk of deployment. Performance management: An important element in workforce development is to have clear job descriptions and person specifications. A job description sets out: the title of the job to whom the job holder is responsible for whom the job holder is responsible a simple description of roles and responsibilities If employees will know their job well, their performance will automatically be beneficial for organisation. Career development: Tesco seeks to fill many vacancies from within the company. It recognises the importance of motivating its staff to progress their careers with the company. Tesco practises what it calls talent planning. This encourages people to work their way through and up the organisation. Through an annual appraisal scheme, individuals can apply for bigger jobs. Employees identify roles in which they would like to develop their careers with Tesco. Their manager sets out the technical skills, competencies and behaviours necessary for these roles, what training this will require and how long it will take the person to be ready to do the job. Report: Organisational structure and its impact on people in Tesco: Tesco is a company that has also delayered the amount of employees used throughout the company. Reasons for Tesco delayering are: The company have found more efficient ways of completing a task or business activity. The advancement in technology has allowed the company to take some of the more demanding tasks away from employees to minimise human error E.G stock ordering, delivery schedules etc. The company giving general staff more responsibility within stores and allowing them to use their own initiative when helping or serving a customer. The managers within each store have now been given a much broader span of control with their workforce. This means that each manager will have more employees to communicate with, but each employee has been trained to a set standard, which allows the manager to trust them to get on with the job with little guidance from him or her. Looking at the Tesco Company the report can see that all of the key decisions for each region of the country are made by the board of directors based in Cheshunt, which makes the company centralised in its diction making. As the company is run centrally it allows Tesco to minimise the cost of having big finance, general office departments in each of its stores as well as minimise the amount of work each store has and allows them to concentrate on selling the businesses products to the customers. Organisational culture and its impact on workforce: In Tesco today the company is still recognised by the motto of pile it high and sell it cheap, but the company has introduced quality into its products by offering three different key areas of products. The first area consists of very high quality products such as organic and these products are usually the most expensive. The middle group of products are usually a collection of Tesco and company branded products and covers a wide price bracket. The third group of products are Tescos value range, which consists of the cheapest products such as toilet rolls, bin liners and ready meals. These types of products are all about value for money and are not priced by the level of quality. As well as offer their customers more choice, in the way of groceries, Tesco now offer their customers the opportunity to purchase clothes, electrical goods, DVDs CDs etc. By offering their customers these other products Tesco are changing their culture into becoming a one stop shop, which offers customers the chance to purchase almost anything they need at the same time. A danger for Tesco is the threat of ASDA overtaking them in affordability along with viability and becoming the new store that piles it high and sells it cheap. Leadership styles: A managers leadership style creates the climate within which employees work and influences the attitude and performance of his team. A manager will have a preferred style, but this will not be appropriate in every situation. To be effective, managers must learn to adapt their leadership style to the circumstances and in response to the employees they manage. This is known as situational or contingency leadership. In an article published in the Harvard Business Review in 2000, Daniel Goleman identified six leadership styles: coercive, authoritative, affiliative, democratic, pacesetting and coaching. Goleman linked these six leadership styles to managers able to choose the style best suited to the situation. Coercive and Authoritative: Managers with a coercive leadership style exert tight control over employees and rely on the threat of negative consequences to ensure compliance. This style of management can be successful in crisis situations. However, coercive leadership is not effective in the long term because it can create a negative atmosphere by demotivating capable employees and damaging morale. This style engages employees and results in the most positive work environment. Affiliative and Democratic: An affiliative style emphasizes harmonious interactions and can be useful if a manager needs to encourage a group to work together or heal rifts in a dysfunctional team. However, it is not effective if a manager needs to deal with inadequate performance or crisis situations that require clear direction and control. Democratic managers involve their employees in decision-making and encourage them to collaborate. This motivates capable employees because it encourages them to apply their skills and expertise. A democratic style is unlikely to be effective with employees who lack competence or require close supervision. Pacesetting and Coaching: Managers who lead by example have a pacesetting style, which can work well when an organization has to adapt and move quickly. Pacesetters set high standards and are apprehensive about delegating. A pacesetter can overwhelm his team with demands for unachievable excellence, resulting in a drop in morale. A manager adopting a coaching style of leadership helps employees identify their strengths and weaknesses. He encourages employees to set and attain goals, providing regular feedback to assist them to improve their performance. Benefits of flexible working practices to individuals: Ability to balance work and home commitments more readily. Increased quality of life. Reduced stress. Greater levels of job satisfaction. Ability to continue to work. Ability to maintain career development and personal growth during a period of temporary increased family commitments. Benefits of flexible working practices to organisation: Retention of trained and valuable staff. Increased productivity. Decreased absence. Individuals who have jobs tailored to meet their individual needs may be more motivated. The company is seen to support its diversity values. Access to a talent pool which might otherwise be unavailable thus improving recruitment. Ability to allow employees to continue to develop and grow in their career and to match the natural cycle of family commitments that everyone experiences. http://www.hirescores.com/flexible-working-corner.php Impact of ethical practices on motivation level of staff: The ethical climate of an organization can have both positive and negative impacts on employee job satisfaction. Unethical workplace behaviours create chaos and impact the organization in a variety of ways. Motivation level impacts the organization on many levels. Low levels of job satisfaction lead to low motivation, decreased productivity and increased turnover. Dishonest management practices lead workers to be suspicious of their leaders. The most successful organizations include high ethical standards at all levels of the organization. Cognitive Dissonance Theory Cognitive dissonance theory is often used to explain the loss of motivation and job satisfaction that generally results from unethical organizational practices. This psychological theory, first developed by social psychologist Leon Festinger in 1956, holds that, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviours (dissonance,) something must change to eliminate the dissonance. As this dissonance continues in the workplace, the worker feels increasingly dissatisfied with their positions when they there is no support or rewards for exhibiting ethical behaviours. http://www.ehow.com/info_7753033_job-satisfaction-organizational-ethics.html Use of CSR to motivate employees: Employees are motivated by corporate social responsibility (CSR). The integration of social, environmental, and economic improvement through CSR makes workplaces sounder. Below are the top 10 ways to motivate the workforce through CSR. Let employees participate in all the social activities done outside the company. Let employees lead volunteer and charity efforts in the local areas. Recognize attitude of the employees towards their job to raise the commitment and motivation level Encourage employee referrals to help retain and recruit talent. Bring CSR inside the company to develop employees inside the company through training and tuition Convert sick days to rewards by creating a rewards program for unused sick days. Make executive team visible by handshake and personal thanks. Encourage initiative taken by employees to increase employee engagement. Create a competitive advantage by true and defining differentiation from competitors which can be felt by employees, suppliers, partners, and customers. Be loud when you have done a great job with CSR, share it through social media, newsletters, media coverage, and face-to-face interactions to increase the energy, excitement, and enthusiasm of employees. Management styles to deal with difference in behaviour: Theory X and Theory Y have to do with the perceptions managers hold on their employees, not the way they generally behave. It is attitude not attributes. Theory X: In this theory, management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that they inherently dislike work. As a result of this, management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and comprehensive systems of controls developed. A hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level. Theory X managers rely heavily on threat and coercion to gain their employees compliance. Beliefs of this theory lead to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, and a punitive atmosphere. Theory Y: In this theory, management assumes employees may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise self-control. It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties. They possess the ability for creative problem solving, but their talents are underused in most organizations. Theory Y manager believes that, given the right conditions, most people will want to do well at work. They believe that the satisfaction of doing a good job is a strong motivation. Motivation theories: The most commonly held views or theories are discussed below and have been developed over the last 100 years or so. Taylor: Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1917) put forward the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following: Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control. Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks. Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and maximise their productivity. Mayo: Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together. Maslow: Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) along with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy (see below) and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. For example a person who is dying of hunger will be motivated to achieve a basic wage in order to buy food before worrying about having a secure job contract or the respect of others. Benefits of training and development to individuals and organisation: Increased job satisfaction and morale among employees. This has an added benefit of making your company more attractive to prospective employees. More motivated workers, which in turn tends to increase productivity and spur profits. More effective and efficient use of workers time as a result of higher skill levels, combined with a better understanding of the job function. Employees who know they are competent, and therefore feel more confident. Self-assured, well-trained employees are important in the debt collection function. An increase from employees in the number of ideas, recommendations and suggestions for improving performance, or processes and procedures. Lower overall employee turnover and less absenteeism. Investing in employee training enhances the company image as: a good place to work a company that offers its employees the opportunity to grow and meet their individual goals and aspirations a company that values employees a company that nurtures its employees Creating a pool of cross-trained employees can bridge gaps when someone unexpectedly leaves the company or if they accept a transfer or a promotion. Doing so tends to create more efficient employees that require less supervision and who need less detailed instructions. This frees managements time for higher value added activities. Employees that receive in houses training tend to be better equipped to adapt to changes and challenges facing the credit department in particular, and the company as a whole. http://www.coveringcredit.com/business_credit_articles/Credit_Management/art204.shtml People management strategies used in organisations: Here are some key strategic factors on the management of people to reinforce the importance of them to businesses. Understanding the competitive advantage they can gain from employing good people and including workforce planning in their business strategies. Developing people management strategies, structures and practices that align with the overall business strategy and customer-driven business processes. Attracting, training and retaining key people through effective recruitment processes, training and development, employee engagement and succession planning activities. Active leadership from business owners and managers through clear organizational communication, development of a team culture and effective management of organizational change. Effective recognition and reward systems, including performance reviews and feedback, rewards for good performance and support for individual development plans. Essential human resource systems to meet legislative requirements regarding employing people to ensure the business will avoid expensive litigation and employment problems. http://www.harris-management-solutions.com/managing-people.html Conclusion: In conclusion we can argue that the human resource aspect of any organisation can be seen as the greatest asset for an organisation. However neither the knowledge of this resource or knowledge about this resource should be seen as static, instead for organisational strategies to be effective they must be dynamic and adapt to be external changes in the environment as well as internal information concerning this human resource.

Biography of Saint Francis of Assissi Essay -- Saint Francis Italy Rel

Biography of Saint Francis of Assissi 1. Birth Saint Francis was born Giovanni Bernadone in either 1181 or 1182 in the Italian hill town of Assisi. His parents, Pietro and Pica, were members of the rather well-to-do merchant class of the town. Pioetro Bernadone was away in France when his son was born. On his return, he had the boy's name changed from Giovanni to Franceso (â€Å"The Little Frenchman†-perhaps a tribute to France, a country he loved and from which his wife's family came). Saint Francis of Assisi, was born in 1182, more probably in the latter year. His mother's family, which was not without distinction, may originally have hailed from Provence. His father, Pietro di Bernardone, was a prosperous cloth merchant and one of the influential business men of Assisi. A merchant in those days was a far different individual from the modern shop keeper; forced by circumstances to be both daring and prudent, he constantly embarked upon the most hazardous undertakings and his career was likely to be a succession of ups and downs. Moreover, business activities, which today tend more and more to assert their independence of any ethical code, were then strictly subordinated to accepted moral standards, as is clearly shown in the writings of Leo Battista Alberti, a century and a half later, or in the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas. Bernardone was not in Assisi when his son was born. At first the child was called John but upon his father's return he was christened Francis, in memory of France, whence Pietro di Bernardone had just returned. More than any other character in history, St. Francis in after life retained the qualities most characteristic of childhood, so that it is not difficult to imagine him as he must have appeared during his early years, with his combination of vivacity, petulance and charm. Childhood At the proper time young Francesco Benardone was sent to clergy of San Giorgio, his parish church, to learn his letters and the ciphering necessary for a merchant. He sat on a bench with the better-class boys, chorusing sacred Latin. He was not a brilliant student. The three extant scraps of his writing betray a clumsy fist and abound in sad solecisms. In later years he avoided holding a pen; he preferred to dictate, and to sign his pronouncements with a cross or tau, a semisacred symbol. However, he learned ... ... Not only am I sick, but the brothers who were sent to help me will not do it, as the ought.† Saint Francis, divinely inspired to understand that this leper was possessed by an evil spirit, prayed most devoutly for this man before God. After he had prayed, he returned again to speak to the leper: â€Å"My son, I will take care of you, since the others do not want to.† â€Å"I'll willingly have you. What can you do though that the others have not done?† â€Å"What do you want me to do?† â€Å"I want you to wash me, for I stink so bad that I cannot stand myself.† Saint Francis immediately went and heated water, which he scented with herbs. Then he undressed the man and washed him with his own hands, while another brother poured the water. Through divine power, wherever Saint Francis touched him with his hands, the leprosy disappeared and the flesh grew immediately healthy. And as his body healed, his soul also healed along with his body. When the leper saw his body heal, he began to weep bitterly because of his sorrow for his sins and great compunction that he felt. As his body was cleansed from the leprosy by the bathing, so his soul was cleansing power of his tears and his sorrow.