Summary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism Essay Example For Students

Summary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism Essay W. H Atkins published in 1952. One major development in this age is the adoption of Christianity as the religion of the Mediterranean region. Roman Catholicism prevailed in Western Europe. Classical elements were absorbed in the Medieval Age, sometimes modified and later became a part of it. Many pagan literature were incorporated into the medieval ethos(character). The critical terms in vogue during the Classical Age were popular with the writers of the age and they even followed the prescriptions on the art of composition as laid down by the rhetoricians of the previous age. We will write a custom essay on Summary of Medieval and Renaissance Criticism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Medieval Criticism systematically classified literature under grammar, rhetoric and poetry. The Medieval Age developed a systematic poetic grammar. The term grammar meant the science of correct speaking and reading curriculum for poets which was for the formation of the basis of literary creation and development eloquent speech. This grammar curriculum provided for the humbugging influence in the Middle Ages. Another form of criticism was prosody; the study of versification and scansion. Prosody was meant to provide basic training for prospective poets in the basic poetic forms. Horace had a clear influence on the Middle Ages. There was always a debate as to which logic or grammar should gain precedence over the other. Poetry was considered a prophecy or revelation and was equal to philosophy in the Old World. A considerable amount of medieval criticism dealt with biblical criticism and mysticism and allegorical reading of works. The poets were theologians and their poetry was the overflow of moments of inspiration. Poetry existed with and in grammar, rhetoric, logic and philosophy. Medieval criticism may be divided into five broad periods:- 1 . Late Classical (1st century BC to 7th century AD). 2. Carolingian (8th century to 10th century). . Scholastic (13th century to 14th century). 5. Humanist (14th century to 16th century). Medieval theory was based on a divine plan in which the function of literature was supposed to help and individual to become a better Christian. Though the Middle Ages were a dark period, there are some works which tell us that these were the ones that prepared the ground for Renais sance thought, and later, a continuous critical tradition. There was an educational system following the Roman model which encouraged cultivation of poetry. A critical climate developed slowly. There were a few works of notable significance. In the 7th century, Bed and Alicia expounded grammar, logic and Biblical and Christian poetry. In the 12th century, John Salisbury and a few classical theorists infused life into literary studies. In the 13th century Geoffrey of Finials and Josh Garland taught techniques in poetic composition using manuals, theorizing at its infancy. Roger Bacon and Richard of Bury kindled enthusiasm for poetry and literature. The Owl and the Nightingale(circa 1210) written by and unknown poem, a debate poem is the earliest surviving English lyrics of medieval period expressing a native and pure English sensibility. The strength of the poem lies in its use of the vernacular. The employment of colloquial language as spoken by the common people, and the proverbs used in the dialogue carry the age-old wisdom of the English nation. This can be seen as a forerunner of the movement towards the use of the vernacular in English poetry. Dante Aligner (1256-1321) too defended the use of the native or vernacular medium rather than the courtly Latin for literary composition. He set an example in composing Divine Comedic in Italian, thus establishing spoken dialect for use in serious epic poetry. According to him, secular poetry also had hierarchy of four levels of meanings corresponding to the four levels f scriptural exegesis the literal, the allegorical, moral and spiritual. He maintained that it was essential for a practicing critic to analyses and understand the literal sense first before he moved on to more appealing and edifying senses of higher levels of symbolic or esoteric meaning. The term Renaissance is of Italian origin meaning rebirth or reawakening. .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .postImageUrl , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:hover , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:visited , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:active { border:0!important; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:active , .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162 .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5e1f7c9810aa2bb1cdcc8448c0d2162:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Italian vs. Northern Renaissance ArtIt stands for the historical rebirth of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. The movement initially started in Italy and later spread to France, Germany, England and other European countries. There are two views regarding the Renaissance movement One view is that the Europeans believed they have discovered the greatness and superiority of the ancient Greek and Roman culture after the dark Middle Age. The other view is that the Renaissance was not an abrupt movement, but had its roots established even during the medieval times and the movement was one of gradual progression. There was a revival in the study of arts and literature, sparked by an interest in Greek and Roman literature of the Classical Age. The classics were reinterpreted by Italian men of letters. The widening of the horizon of knowledge was accelerated by ringing technology. The focus of interest in study shifted from abstract notions such dignity associated with him became the subject of study,. Literary criticism during Renaissance was tasked with Justifying imaginative literature. The basic belief was that literature was the by- product of theology or philosophy. Literature was not evaluated through criteria. The yard stick for Judging poetry was neither literary nor critical. During the Renaissance, a large body of literature of the past was recovered and the real task was to establish Justifiable considerations by which these works could be Justly estimated. One other task was to seek a Just and proper answer to Plats refutation and objections raised in his dialogues and the Republic. Many Renaissance scholars successfully answered these charges by blaming the artist and not the art. Those who abuse art and betray the sacred office of art should be banished from all commonwealth. Renaissance criticism took upon itself the prime duty of uniting and reconciling the best elements in Aristotle and Horace and establishing literary criticism as an independent field of study. Prominent Renaissance critics are Patriarch, Scalier, Minotaur, Biochip and the Italian Roberto and Castellated. The greatest and most important work of this age is Kidneys Apologia for Poetry. Elizabethan criticism exhibits two traits. First, there is in existence a complete body of critical works of the Renaissance and secondly, it shares several characteristics with the works of other European countries associated with the Renaissance. English Renaissance is not an isolated phenomenon. It exhibits a clear line of progression falling into the following demarcations. There are mostly rhetorical studies of literature in the first stage of evolution. Thomas Willows Art of Rhetoric (1553) is probably the first work of criticism in English language. Roger Chasms Schoolmaster(1 568) and Richard Towels Towels Miscellany(1 559) are two other important works. The English came to learn that form and style were important considerations in literary appreciation. It was during this period that English poetry was Italianized too great extent. The second phase was a period when attention was paid to the metrics and metrical patterns in poetical composition. Art of English Poesies(1 589) by Richard Pathname and Discourse of English Poetry(1 586) by Mary Webb are the earliest works on classification of meter, and the introduction of classical meters into the English language. The third stage is the stage of philosophical criticism. Among the most prominent works of apologetic criticism of this period are Sir Phillip Kidneys Apologia for Poetry(1 583). Thomas Champions Art of English Poesy(1602) and Samuel Daniels Defended of Rhyme(1605). The fourth stage belonged to the first half of the 17th century. Ben Johnson was the important fugue during this period. He was a classicist. If Sidney taught poetry, then Johnson taught it. There is an unmistakable influence of Italian criticism here. This stage opens up a new dimension in English literary criticism when the French came on the scene. .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .postImageUrl , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:hover , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:visited , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:active { border:0!important; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:active , .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5f323833208604606617efcd92c1d8b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World History Renaissance Ch. 11A patriotic spirit inspired this period. Some of its characteristic features were a devotion to the national cause, commitment to classicism in a pure form and the faith that art should imitate nature. John Dryden, the poet laureate was With its emphasis on humanism based on the idea that people are rational beings and its faith in the dignity and worth of the individual, the Renaissance was a period of intellectual ferment that prepared the ground for later thinkers who arrived on the literary scene during the period of Enlightenment.

Creative history essays

Creative history essays Exceptional Works: Herodotus and Homer Telling history through authors such as Homer and Herodotus allows them to tell the stories of the ancient time with fictional excitement for the readers enjoyment. Herodotus is also known as the Father of History. Herodotus told stories of the Persian wars. These stories give information to help understand the cultural and political concepts that occurred during the Classical Age of Greece. He did this through his book The Histories which was about the Peloponnesian Wars which was between the smaller Greek city of the west and their counterpart from the east. Homers Odyssey tells of a character named Odysseus whos trying to return home and has different obstacles to go through. Odysseus survived all that happened to him. In both stories, the importance of the gods in Greek tradition is shown from the interaction between humans and gods. In book nine of the Odyssey, Odysseus and his men travel to the land of the Cyclops, where they meet Polyphemus, Cyclops and the son of Poseidon, god of the sea. Odysseus and his men meet Polyphemus. It started as a peaceful greeting, but ended with Polyphemus killing two of Odysseus men and the rest of them are detained. They are blocked in a cave by a giant boulder in which only Polyphemus is able to move it. Homer is displaying the power that the gods had in everyday life in this situation. He knows only Polyphemus is able to move the boulder, so he does not instantly challenge him by sword. Odysseus found a huge portion of an olive tree and they sharpened it in the fire. Odysseus and four other men agreed to use the weapon. When Cyclops came back, Odysseus offered him the wineskin and he drank it all. Once he is drunk, Odysseus said to him: "Kyklops, you ask my honorable name? Remember the gift you promised me, and I shall tell you. My name is Nohbdy: mother father and friends, everyone calls me Nohbdy. (Book 9, lines ...

Analysis Of The Equality Act

Analysis Of The Equality Act Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Analysis Of The Equality Act The introduction to Equality Act 2010 Equality Act 2010 is an act of the Parliament of United Kingdom which taking effect from October 2010 prescribes an equal treatment in access to employment as well as private and public services. The act list a set of protected characteristics which are identified as follow: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. With regards to these characteristics the Act provide a distinct protection per each framing the all provisions with general indications about common characteristics of discrimination. The reason of such fragment and different protection among the protected characteristic is explained on the basis of a pre-existing anti- discrimination law which was subsequently combined by the Equality Act adding further element of protection. In fact, the Act is formed by a number of pieces of other legislation whi ch regulated the discrimination law field. In this way, were legislatively actives the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. The act replace also a number of Regulations, in which the one relevant in age discrimination field was the Employment Equality (Age) Regulations, which take effect starting from 2006 until the adoption of Equality act. The definition of ‘Discrimination’ differs from statute to statute and it generally consist in treating one person less favourably than another   [ 1 ]   . In this way, the Equality Act provide a guidance which aim to give a general framework of the different discriminatory situations. It distinguish among direct discrimination [Section 13(1)   [ 2 ]   ] and indirect discrimination [Section 19(1)], harassment [Section 26 (1)] and victimisation [Section (27)1]. Following the Act definitions is possible to identify direct discrimination where because of a protecte d characteristics a person is treated less favourably than someone who does not share that characteristic. According with the guidance, Indirect discrimination refer to a policy which applies in the same way for everybody providing as effect particularly disadvantages to people with a protected characteristic. It is important to underline how the Act refer to the possibility of lawful discrimination. The circumstances in which a concrete discrimination is permitted are in occupational requirements (direct discrimination is permitted when particularly characteristics are required for a job), armed forces (for the purposes of combat effectiveness of the armed forces), positive action ( positive action are intended as measures to alleviate disadvantage suffered by people who share one of the protected characteristics). The possibility of lawful discrimination are amplified in age-discrimination, in which is prescribed that an ‘objective justification’(legitimate aim) could be applies to allow indirect discrimination and direct discrimination. With regards to public bodies, a new Equality Duty has come in force on 5 April 2011 underlining the importance of public role in eliminating discrimination, advance equality of opportunity, and foster good relations in the course of developing policies and delivering services. In this way, the aim for public bodies is to consider the needs of all individuals in their day to day work, in developing policy, in delivering services, and in relation to their own employees   [ 3 ]   .

The Key Drivers for Business Continuity Management Essay

The Key Drivers for Business Continuity Management - Essay Example 'Business Continuity can be seen as a bridge between Risk management and Emergency Planning; it utilizes the risk identification and management processes of formal risk management and the crisis management capabilities of emergency planning'. (Myers, 2006) This note is given by Myers (2006), and though it cannot be called one of the BCM definitions, but it gives better understanding of the terms and the area of its application. Thus Business Continuity management is aimed to work in both daily and emergency situations; according to the abovementioned citation, it becomes evident, that BCM should both work for the prevention of the critical situations (its primary aim) and for the minimization of the negative consequences for the events which have already taken place. This two-fold role is revealed no matter in which company BCM is implemented. It is difficult to implement BCM notions into the company's performance, but it is even more difficult to make BCM a part of the company's cor porate culture. Many UK organizations at present fail to implement effective plan of prevention critical incidents, which interrupt and may threaten their business activity. Disaster planning and risk management, as well as managing company's benefits is the area which is rarely addressed by the modern businesses. The principal question, which the companies ask, is 'why implement BCM notions How it will positively influence company's performance Are the minimized risks comparable to the costs involved In order to understand how important BCM is for the modern companies, it is interesting to look into the 2006 BCM survey which gives the principal lacks (problems) faced by the companies and thus give the reader basic understanding of... As the report highlights  business continuity Management, or BCM, as it is more commonly known, is a business organization-driven activity that is concerned with developing the organization's ability to continue providing critical services (or business processes) in the event of an interruption.From this paper it is clear that Business Continuity management is aimed to work in both daily and emergency situations; according to the abovementioned citation, it becomes evident, that BCM should both work for the prevention of the critical situations (its primary aim) and for the minimization of the negative consequences for the events which have already taken place. This two-fold role is revealed no matter in which company BCM is implemented. It is difficult to implement BCM notions into the company's performance, but it is even more difficult to make BCM a part of the company's corporate culture.  Many UK organizations at present fail to implement effective plan of prevention critica l incidents, which interrupt and may threaten their business activity. Disaster planning and risk management, as well as managing company's benefits is the area which is rarely addressed by the modern businesses.  The present economy can be characterized as being digital networked economy, which actually has no clear boundaries and thus is more vulnerable to various undesirable invasions (either computer and Internet viruses, or financial frauds).

Confessions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Confessions - Essay Example Before confession, an old woman named Ryan, who was also his teacher, was the main person who framed his views about religion and the hereafter. She was the one who would mention hell every now and then. She always had a candle in her purse, which she used to symbolize hell. She would ask boys to hold a finger in the flame, and would tell that it was nothing as compared to eternal burning in hell. â€Å"Then she asked were we afraid of holding one finger-only one finger! - in a little candle flame for five minutes and not afraid of burning all over in roasting hot furnaces for all eternity† (O’Connor 2) was what she would tell the boys. Jackie got the idea that religion was all about burning people who did wrong deeds. He knew that life did not matter, as all that mattered was the hereafter in which God had to burn people in â€Å"hot furnaces† (2). Ryan was responsible for outlining these ideas of Jackie’s, as she would say, â€Å"All eternity! Just thin k of that! A whole lifetime goes by and it's nothing, not even a drop in the ocean of your sufferings† (2). Jackie’s perception of confession before the priest was also very pessimistic, and this perception had also been granted by the off-putting Mrs. Ryan. She had mentioned an account of a man who had made a bad confession. He stayed in guilty for many days to come, and finally went to priest for correcting his confession; but, he got burnt the night before the confession. For Jackie, that was the consequence of a bad confession, because he says, â€Å"This story made a shocking impression on me† (2). Hence, he believed that a bad confession led to horrible death. Moreover, he also believed that he was a great sinner, as Ryan would mention, off and on, that it was important to examine the conscience to be a good person. She would ask the boys if they loved their parents and other people whom they knew; and, Jackie knew that he was an ultimate sinner because he hated his grandmother and his sister. â€Å"I had no hope of ever doing anything else† (3) means that Jackie had become hopeless because his perception of religion had been deteriorated in a very bad way. That is why, the day he was going to confess, he looked back at the houses and metaphorically thought that it was like â€Å"Adam's last glimpse of Paradise† (4). However, Jackie confessed. It was a heart-wrecking experience for him. He could not find the courage in the first instance; but, he confessed before the priest the second time he got the chance to speak it all out. To Jackie’s surprise and contrary to what Nora had told him, the priest proved to be very understanding. He listened to Jackie’s intentions of killing the grandmother and Nora, and gave him three Hail Marys. That changed the world for Jackie. Previously he had thought of religion as a freaking thing that intended to give punishments only; but now, he understood that religion was not scary. He says, â€Å"I knew now I wouldn't die in the night and come back, leaving marks on my mother's furniture† (9), which shows that he was not worried of burning due to a bad confession or burning in hell anymore. Before confession, his state of mind was upsetting, which shows when he says, â€Å"the wind whistled outside so that the silence within seemed to crackle like ice under my feet† (4); but, after the confession his mental state had totally changed, which shows when

Diary Of Anne Frank :: essays research papers

The Dairy of a Young Girl The autobiography I read "The Dairy of a Young Girl" written by Anne Frank" is about a young girl who suffered a lot in the Holocaust. Anne Frank kept a diary, which made her a very well known teenagers. She has inspired people from all over the world. Her writings explain the true feeling of being in the World War II. She kept her dairy from June 12,1942 and ended when it was discovered in August 1944. On her 13th birthday on June 12, 1942 Anne received a diary from her parents, Otto and Edith Frank. Two days later, she started writing about her thoughts. A few weeks later, Anne sister, Margot Frank received a notice from the Nazi to report for work at a labor camp. Which is called the concentration camps. On July 5th, 1942, Anne and her family moved to the "Secret Annex". It’s a secret hiding area where her father builded in back of his office. When her family hide from the Nazis, who arrested and victimized Jews, Anne took her diary everywhere she goes. She called it “Kitty,'; and the two years of spending in the Secret Annex, her diary was her friend. Eight people lived in the Secret Annex. There were the four members of the Frank family, Otto Frank, Edith Frank, Margot and Anne. Three from the Van Pels family, Herman and Auguste Van Pels and their son Peter, and an elderly named Pfeffer. The four people acted as helpers for the Frank family an d the people living in the Secret Annex. They brought them food, supplies and news. Anne and the seven people, who shared the Secret Annex, were sent to Westerbork camp. A few weeks later, they were later sent to other camps. When they were leaving from Auschwitz, Otto Frank was separated from his family. Otto Frank was in the camp infirmary and was left behind. Otto Frank tried to convince Peter to hide in the infirmary, but he was afraid. He soon found out that his wife died, but it was not until some time after returning home that he found that Margot and Anne died. Otto Frank was the only one of the 8 people from the secret annex to survive.

Joy Cowley

Authors Study Joy Cowley was a phenomenal author, she has written multiple children books, adult fiction and non- fiction, besides her major impacts in literature she comes from a very interesting back round. Joy Cowley was born on August, 7, 1936, in Levin New Zealand. She was the eldest of four girls and one boy. Her parents Peter Summers and Cassie Gredge were both physically ill while joy was growing up, the condition of both their health caused the family to be finically poor.When joy attainted elementary school in her early years she struggled with her academics, she was a poor reader and writer. Since English was her second language it made learning a very difficult experience in her early years. At the age of eleven when she could still barley read, but was able to understand books threw pictures, she became book addicted and also a writing addiction eventually occurred. As time went on, after she finished school her parents sent her to the local pharmacy to work. Joy opposed this idea but she wanted to please her parents.If the choice was up to joy she would have continued into a career of art or journalism, but she wanted to make her parents happy at the time. Joy Started writing a lot while she worked in the pharmacy . At the age of 20, Joy married farmer Ted Cowley. They moved to a dairy farm. They decided to children, they had four children in a 5 year time span. The children’s names were Sharon, Edward, Judith and James. While the kids were growing up joy milked cows, changed diapers, made puppets and play dough and wrote short stories in the evenings.She eventually wrote stories for her son Edward who was a slow reader, the stories eventually made their way to other kids. When joy realized she was an extrodaniry writer she introduced novels to her children’s teachers. They enjoyed them so much; they actually made them into big books they read to their classes. The teachers asked her if she could please work on getting published. Whe n she eventually started focusing on children’s book, she was also writing adult novels. In 1978 Joy stopped writing adult novels; she took a five year brake.She started working with June Melser who was a teacher/ editor. During this time her influncely work started to occur she designed the Story Box Reading Programmer which was published by Shortland Publications, Auckland, NZ and then The Wright Group, USA. She became deeply involved in early reading and the five years of commitment became twenty years focusing on early childhood books. In 1999, after a 22 year brake from adult novels, she wrote again. This novel included many adult experiences that had occurred. The novel included her marriage to Ted Cowley that ended in 1967.She decided to get married to Malcolm Mason after her divorce in 1970, a Wellington writer/ accountant, who died in 1985. Her third marriage in 1989 was to Terry Coles. For years, Terry and joy lived in the Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand's South I sland, with an assortment of animals – sheep, chickens, ducks, 8 cats and a dog – and visits from 13 grandkids. In 2004 they moved to Wellington so that Terry could be nearer medical services suited us for a while but Terry’s heath deteriorated further, strokes leaving him with diminished sight, hearing and mobility.Wellington’s stairs and traffic became too much of a challenge for them and they had to move out of the city. They decided to leave wellington and move to a cottage in the township of Featherstone, here joy has a shed with a lathe and woodturning tools. Joy still currently alive is still a full time writer today she is focused on adult writing – articles, spiritual reflection material, stories and novels – and books for children. Over the years joy has won multiple awards for her work.She is a brilliant writer who comes from a very progressive back round who has a major impact on many readers around the world. Commemoration Medal for services to New Zealand| 1990| OBE (Order of the British Empire) for services to children's literature| 1992| Margaret Mahy Lecture Award| 1993| NZ Women's Suffrage Centennial Medal| 1993| Hon. D. Litt Massey University| 1993| Award Best TV Drama Script| 1994| Patron NZ Children's Book Foundation| 1994|Roberta Long medal for multicultural writing (USA)| 2002| A. W. Reed Award for Contribution to New Zealand Literature| 2004| Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit (DCMNZ)| 2005| Prime Minister's Award for Fiction| 2010| University of Alabama, Birmingham, Maryann Manning Award for Outstanding Literacy Scholar| 2011| Joy Cowley said â€Å"that learning to read must be a pleasurable and meaningful exercise. If it isn't, then we teach children to read and to hate reading at the same time†.We infer that joy is a very passionate writer for young children, who wants all children to enjoy reading . Three of her books written by her, Mrs. Wishy-Washy, Mrs. Wishy -Washy Christmas, and Mrs. Wishy-Washy Farm relate to her back round of living on different farms. All three books have Ducks, Cows, and Pigs; they talk about taking care of each and every farm animal. A very interesting task we can do with young students is we can foreshadow the three books to joy personal autobiography.We can ask young readers who are exposed to these books, different questions about the similarities of joys book and her own personal life. Questions we can ask young readers and graph * Why do you think joy wrote about farm animals in all 3 books? * Do you think joy enjoyed the different animals? * Does Mrs. wishy washy remained joy of herself? * How can we compare The three books to Joy Cowley * After reading all three books what animals do you think were joy favorite ? This question will give to the oppurtinetey to draw which animals they think were joy favorite